Los orígenes de la Plaza Mayor, se remontan al siglo XVI, cuando la parte exterior al sur de la plaza, se consideraba las afueras de la villa medieval. Este sitio era conocido como “Plaza del Arrabal”, y fue el principal mercado de la ciudad.
En 1580, después de haber trasladado la corte a Madrid en 1561, Felipe II, encargó el proyecto de remodelación de la plaza a Juan de Herrera, comenzando así la demolición de las casas antiguas.
La construcción del primer edificio de la nueva plaza, fue la Casa de la Panadería, a partir de 1590 por Diego Sillero, en el sitio del antiguo mercado de pescado.
En 1617, Felipe III, encargó la finalización de las obras a Juan Gómez de Mora, quien completó la plaza en 1619.
La Plaza Mayor ha sufrido tres grandes incendios en su historia. El último incendio, que destruyó un tercio de la plaza, sucedió en 1790.
La reconstrucción se encargó a Juan de Villanueva, el cual, bajó la altura de las construcciones que rodeaban la plaza que tenían cinco plantas, a tres. También cerró las esquinas de la plaza y construyó arcos para permitir el acceso al lugar. El trabajo de reconstrucción duraría hasta 1854, y fue terminado por Antonio López Aguado.
En 1848, se colocó la estatua ecuestre de Felipe III en el centro de la plaza. Esta estatua, fue obra de Juan de Bolonia y Pietro Tacca, que data de 1616.
En los años se llevó a cabo una restauración general, cerrando la plaza al tráfico, y construyendo un aparcamiento subterráneo bajo la plaza.
Lo último que se ha hecho en la Plaza Mayor, fue en 1992 y consistió en la decoración de la Casa de la Panadería con un mural, obra de Carlos Franco. Este mural representa personajes mitológicos de la diosa Cibeles.
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